Identify studies

Pfänder and Altay (2025)

We downloaded the data from https://osf.io/5r7q3. The data frame contains a column that identifies studies which tested an intervention. We reduce the data frame to only these studies.

This script identifies paper that tested an intervention from the control conditions news judgments meta-analysis.

Sultan et al. (2024)

We downloaded a spreadsheet with the final studies and their titles from https://osf.io/zk9vy. Because the data comes in an annoying format, we extracted our reference list based on the papers appendix

Code

sultan <- read_csv("review_papers/Sultan_2024.csv") |> 
  mutate(review = "Sultan_2024") |> 
    rename(reference = `Full Reference`) |> 
    group_by(review, Reference) %>% 
    summarize(reference = unique(reference)) |> 
  ungroup() |> 
  select(review, reference)

Kozyreva et al. (2024)

We downloaded a spreadsheet with the final studies and their titles from https://osf.io/ejyh6/ (alternatively the data can also be downloaded here: https://github.com/askozyreva/toolbox/blob/main/data/toolbox_evidence.xlsx).

Code

kozyreva <- read_excel("review_papers/Kozyreva_2024.xlsx") |> 
  mutate(review = "Kozyreva_2024") |> 
  rename(reference = References_long) |> 
  select(review, reference)

Sun et al. (2025)

We downloaded the spreadsheet with the studies and their titles from https://osf.io/qz9fj/files/osfstorage?view_only=70cdfe5ad3104e6bb441e9cee25b82ee.

Code

sun <- read_excel("review_papers/Sun_2025.xlsx", skip = 1) |>  # Skip first row (keep it as data)
  mutate(review = "Sun_2025") |> 
  rename(reference = Title) |> 
  drop_na(reference) |> 
  distinct(review, reference)

Combine reviews

Add a title column

For three reviews (Pfänder and Altay 2025; Sultan et al. 2024; Kozyreva et al. 2024), we extract titles from longer reference entries.

Code

# Combine all datasets into one
titles_to_clean <- bind_rows(pfander, sultan, kozyreva) |> 
  # Extract text after year but before journal name/DOI
  mutate(title = str_extract(reference, "(?<=\\)\\.\\s).*?(?=\\.\\s[A-Z])"))

Because the regex is not perfect due to different Title format, we export the data and do the missing entries by hand.

Code

#write_csv(all_reviews, "review_papers/combined_data_titles.csv")

We then read back the hand-edited file.

Code

by_hand_titles <- read_delim("review_papers/combined_data_titles.csv", 
                        delim = ";")

We then add the review by Sun et al. (2025) back in.

Code

reviews <- bind_rows(by_hand_titles, 
                     sun |>
                       mutate(title = reference))

Clean titles

To be able to match the titles we want to make sure to have them in a similar format

Code

# little helper function to make strings more compatible
make_strings_more_compatible <- function(string) {
  # Convert to lowercase
  string <- tolower(string)
  
  # Remove spaces and any non-alphabetic characters (keeping only letters)
  string <- gsub("[^a-z]", "", string)  # Remove everything that's not a letter
  
  # Trim any extra whitespace (not strictly necessary now, but safe to keep)
  string <- trimws(string)
  
  return(string)
}

reviews <- reviews %>%
  mutate(
    compatible_title = make_strings_more_compatible(title)
  )

Identify Duplicates

Code

# identify duplicates based on cleaned titles
duplicates <- reviews %>%
  group_by(compatible_title) %>%
  summarize(n_occurences = n(),
            occurence = toString(unique(review)) ) |> 
  filter(n_occurences > 1) |> 
  mutate(duplicate = TRUE) |> 
  select(compatible_title, duplicate, occurence)

Note that there is one apparent duplicate within the Kozyreva study. This is because the same study is coded for different types of interventions in the original data frame. Since this is not the kind of duplicate we are after, we remove it.

Code

duplicates <- duplicates |> 
  filter(compatible_title != "combatingfakenewsonsocialmediawithsourceratingstheeffectsofuserandexpertreputationratings")

# identify duplicates in combined data
reviews <- left_join(reviews, duplicates)

De-duplicated data

Finally, we can remove all the duplicates to obtain the spreadsheet for screening.

Code

# Remove duplicates and keep only one entry for each cleaned title
deduplicated_reviews <- reviews %>%
  distinct(compatible_title, .keep_all = TRUE) |>  # Keeps the first occurrence of each title
  mutate(id = row_number())

write_csv(deduplicated_reviews |> 
            # remove unnecessary columns for coding
            select(-c(compatible_title, title)), 
          "review_papers/de-duplicated_references.csv")

Code

deduplicated_reviews |> 
  kable()

review	reference	title	compatible_title	duplicate	occurence	id
Pfander_2025	Altay, S., & Gilardi, F. (2023). People Are Skeptical of Headlines Labeled as AI-Generated, Even if True or Human-Made, Because They Assume Full AI Automation. OSF. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/83k9r	People Are Skeptical of Headlines Labeled as AI-Generated, Even if True or Human-Made, Because They Assume Full AI Automation	peopleareskepticalofheadlineslabeledasaigeneratedeveniftrueorhumanmadebecausetheyassumefullaiautomation	NA	NA	1
Pfander_2025	Badrinathan, S. (2021). Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1325–1341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000459	Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India	educativeinterventionstocombatmisinformationevidencefromafieldexperimentinindia	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Kozyreva_2024	2
Pfander_2025	Bago, B., Rosenzweig, L. R., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Emotion may predict susceptibility to fake news but emotion regulation does not seem to help. Cognition and Emotion, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2090318	Emotion may predict susceptibility to fake news but emotion regulation does not seem to help	emotionmaypredictsusceptibilitytofakenewsbutemotionregulationdoesnotseemtohelp	NA	NA	3
Pfander_2025	Basol, M., Roozenbeek, J., Berriche, M., Uenal, F., McClanahan, W. P., & Linden, S. van der. (2021). Towards psychological herd immunity: Cross-cultural evidence for two prebunking interventions against COVID-19 misinformation. Big Data & Society, 8(1), 205395172110138. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211013868	Towards psychological herd immunity: Cross-cultural evidence for two prebunking interventions against COVID-19 misinformation	towardspsychologicalherdimmunitycrossculturalevidencefortwoprebunkinginterventionsagainstcovidmisinformation	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Kozyreva_2024	4
Pfander_2025	Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Timing matters when correcting fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(5), e2020043118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020043118	Timing matters when correcting fake news	timingmatterswhencorrectingfakenews	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sultan_2024	5
Pfander_2025	Clayton, K., Blair, S., Busam, J. A., Forstner, S., Glance, J., Green, G., Kawata, A., Kovvuri, A., Martin, J., Morgan, E., Sandhu, M., Sang, R., Scholz-Bright, R., Welch, A. T., Wolff, A. G., Zhou, A., & Nyhan, B. (2020). Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media. Political Behavior, 42(4), 1073–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0	Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media	realsolutionsforfakenewsmeasuringtheeffectivenessofgeneralwarningsandfactchecktagsinreducingbeliefinfalsestoriesonsocialmedia	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Kozyreva_2024	6
Pfander_2025	Dias, N., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-001	Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media	emphasizingpublishersdoesnoteffectivelyreducesusceptibilitytomisinformationonsocialmedia	NA	NA	7
Pfander_2025	Eun-Ju Lee & Jeong-woo Jang (2023): How Political Identity and Misinformation Priming Affect Truth Judgments and Sharing Intention of Partisan News, Digital Journalism, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2163413	How Political Identity and Misinformation Priming Affect Truth Judgments and Sharing Intention of Partisan News	howpoliticalidentityandmisinformationprimingaffecttruthjudgmentsandsharingintentionofpartisannews	NA	NA	8
Pfander_2025	Gottlieb, J., Adida, C., & Moussa, R. (2022). Reducing Misinformation in a Polarized Context: Experimental Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire. OSF Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/6x4wy	Reducing Misinformation in a Polarized Context: Experimental Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire	reducingmisinformationinapolarizedcontextexperimentalevidencefromctedivoire	NA	NA	9
Pfander_2025	Guess, A. M., Lerner, M., Lyons, B., Montgomery, J. M., Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Sircar, N. (2020). A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15536–15545. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920498117	A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India	adigitalmedialiteracyinterventionincreasesdiscernmentbetweenmainstreamandfalsenewsintheunitedstatesandindia	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Kozyreva_2024, Sun_2025	10
Pfander_2025	Guess, A., McGregor, S., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. (2024). Unbundling Digital Media Literacy Tips: Results from Two Experiments. OSF. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u34fp	Unbundling Digital Media Literacy Tips: Results from Two Experiments	unbundlingdigitalmedialiteracytipsresultsfromtwoexperiments	NA	NA	11
Pfander_2025	Altay, S., De Angelis, A., & Hoes, E. (2024). Media literacy tips promoting reliable news improve discernment and enhance trust in traditional media. Communications Psychology, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00121-5	Media literacy tips promoting reliable news improve discernment and enhance trust in traditional media	medialiteracytipspromotingreliablenewsimprovediscernmentandenhancetrustintraditionalmedia	NA	NA	12
Pfander_2025	Lutzke, L., Drummond, C., Slovic, P., & Árvai, J. (2019). Priming critical thinking: Simple interventions limit the influence of fake news about climate change on Facebook. Global Environmental Change, 58, 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101964	Priming critical thinking: Simple interventions limit the influence of fake news about climate change on Facebook	primingcriticalthinkingsimpleinterventionslimittheinfluenceoffakenewsaboutclimatechangeonfacebook	NA	NA	13
Pfander_2025	Lyons, B., Montgomery, J., & Reifler, J. (2023). Partisanship and older Americans’ engagement with dubious political news. OSF. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/etb89	Partisanship and older Americans’ engagement with dubious political news	partisanshipandolderamericansengagementwithdubiouspoliticalnews	NA	NA	14
Pfander_2025	Lyons, B., Modirrousta-Galian, A., Altay, S., & Salovich, N. A. (2024). Reduce blind spots to improve news discernment? Performance feedback reduces overconfidence but does not improve subsequent discernment. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/kgfrb	Reduce blind spots to improve news discernment? Performance feedback reduces overconfidence but does not improve subsequent discernment	reduceblindspotstoimprovenewsdiscernmentperformancefeedbackreducesoverconfidencebutdoesnotimprovesubsequentdiscernment	NA	NA	15
Pfander_2025	Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3	Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news	relianceonemotionpromotesbeliefinfakenews	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sultan_2024	16
Pfander_2025	Modirrousta-Galian, A., Higham, P. A., & Seabrooke, T. (2023). Effects of inductive learning and gamification on news veracity discernment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(3), 599–619. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000458	Effects of inductive learning and gamification on news veracity discernment	effectsofinductivelearningandgamificationonnewsveracitydiscernment	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sun_2025	17
Pfander_2025	Muda, R., Pennycook, G., Hamerski, D., & Białek, M. (2023). People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 29(4), 712–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000475	People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language	peopleareworseatdetectingfakenewsintheirforeignlanguage	NA	NA	18
Pfander_2025	Orosz, G., Paskuj, B., Faragó, L., & Krekó, P. (2023). A prosocial fake news intervention with durable effects. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 3958. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30867-7	A prosocial fake news intervention with durable effects	aprosocialfakenewsinterventionwithdurableeffects	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sun_2025	19
Pfander_2025	Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(12), 1865–1880. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000465	Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news	priorexposureincreasesperceivedaccuracyoffakenews	NA	NA	20
Pfander_2025	Pereira, F. B., Bueno, N. S., Nunes, F., & Pavão, N. (2023). Inoculation Reduces Misinformation: Experimental Evidence from Multidimensional Interventions in Brazil. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2023.11	Inoculation Reduces Misinformation: Experimental Evidence from Multidimensional Interventions in Brazil	inoculationreducesmisinformationexperimentalevidencefrommultidimensionalinterventionsinbrazil	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Kozyreva_2024	21
Pfander_2025	Rathje, S., Roozenbeek, J., Van Bavel, J.J. et al. Accuracy and social motivations shape judgements of (mis)information. Nat Hum Behav (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01540-w	Accuracy and social motivations shape judgements of (mis)information	accuracyandsocialmotivationsshapejudgementsofmisinformation	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sun_2025	22
Pfander_2025	Ross, B., Heisel, J., Jung, A.-K., & Stieglitz, S. (2018). Fake News on Social Media: The (In)Effectiveness of Warning Messages.	Fake News on Social Media: The (In)Effectiveness of Warning Messages	fakenewsonsocialmediatheineffectivenessofwarningmessages	NA	NA	23
Pfander_2025	Smelter, T. J., & Calvillo, D. P. (2020). Pictures and repeated exposure increase perceived accuracy of news headlines. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(5), 1061–1071. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3684	Pictures and repeated exposure increase perceived accuracy of news headlines	picturesandrepeatedexposureincreaseperceivedaccuracyofnewsheadlines	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sultan_2024	24
Pfander_2025	Sultan, M., Tump, A. N., Geers, M., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Herzog, S. M., & Kurvers, R. H. J. M. (2022). Time pressure reduces misinformation discrimination ability but does not alter response bias. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 22416. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26209-8	Time pressure reduces misinformation discrimination ability but does not alter response bias	timepressurereducesmisinformationdiscriminationabilitybutdoesnotalterresponsebias	TRUE	Pfander_2025, Sultan_2024	25
Sultan_2024	Arechar et al. (2023). Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents. Nat. Hum. Behav.	Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents	understandingandcombattingmisinformationacrosscountriesonsixcontinents	NA	NA	26
Sultan_2024	Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2020). Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.	Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines	fakenewsfastandslowdeliberationreducesbeliefinfalsebutnottruenewsheadlines	NA	NA	27
Sultan_2024	Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Rand, D. G., & Cannon, T. D. (2019). Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn.	Belief in fake news is associated with delusionality, dogmatism, religious fundamentalism, and reduced analytic thinking	beliefinfakenewsisassociatedwithdelusionalitydogmatismreligiousfundamentalismandreducedanalyticthinking	NA	NA	28
Sultan_2024	Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Buonomano, L., & Cannon, T. D. (2021). Belief in fake news, responsiveness to cognitive conflict, and analytic reasoning engagement. Think. Reason.	Belief in fake news, responsiveness to cognitive conflict, and analytic reasoning engagement	beliefinfakenewsresponsivenesstocognitiveconflictandanalyticreasoningengagement	NA	NA	29
Sultan_2024	Calvillo, D. P., & Smelter, T. J. (2020). An initial accuracy focus reduces the effect of prior exposure on perceived accuracy of news headlines. Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic.	An initial accuracy focus reduces the effect of prior exposure on perceived accuracy of news headlines	aninitialaccuracyfocusreducestheeffectofpriorexposureonperceivedaccuracyofnewsheadlines	NA	NA	30
Sultan_2024	Calvillo, D. P., Ross, B. J., Garcia, R. J. B., Smelter, T. J., & Rutchick, A. M. (2020). Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it). Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci.	Political ideology predicts perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 (and susceptibility to fake news about it)	politicalideologypredictsperceptionsofthethreatofcovidandsusceptibilitytofakenewsaboutit	NA	NA	31
Sultan_2024	Calvillo, D. P., Garcia, R. J. B., Bertrand, K., & Mayers, T. A. (2021). Personality factors and self-reported political news consumption predict susceptibility to political fake news. Pers. Individ. Dif.	Personality factors and self-reported political news consumption predict susceptibility to political fake news	personalityfactorsandselfreportedpoliticalnewsconsumptionpredictsusceptibilitytopoliticalfakenews	NA	NA	32
Sultan_2024	Calvillo, D. P., Rutchick, A. M., & Garcia, R. J. B. (2021). Individual differences in belief in fake news about election fraud after the 2020 U.S. election. Behav. Sci.	Individual differences in belief in fake news about election fraud after the 2020 U.S. election	individualdifferencesinbeliefinfakenewsaboutelectionfraudaftertheuselection	NA	NA	33
Sultan_2024	Carnahan, D., Bergan, D. E., & Lee, S. (2021). Do corrective effects last? Results from a longitudinal experiment on beliefs toward immigration in the U.S. Polit. Behav.	Do corrective effects last? Results from a longitudinal experiment on beliefs toward immigration in the U.S	docorrectiveeffectslastresultsfromalongitudinalexperimentonbeliefstowardimmigrationintheus	NA	NA	34
Sultan_2024	Epstein, Z., Sirlin, N., Arechar, A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. (2023). The social media context interferes with truth discernment. Sci. Adv.	The social media context interferes with truth discernment	thesocialmediacontextinterfereswithtruthdiscernment	NA	NA	35
Sultan_2024	Garrett, R. K., & Bond, R. M. (2021). Conservatives’ susceptibility to political misperceptions. Sci. Adv.	Conservatives’ susceptibility to political misperceptions	conservativessusceptibilitytopoliticalmisperceptions	NA	NA	36
Sultan_2024	Longoni, C., Fradkin, A., Cian, L., & Pennycook, G. (2022). News from generative artificial intelligence is believed less. 2022 ACM Conf. Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency.	News from generative artificial intelligence is believed less. 2022 ACM Conf	newsfromgenerativeartificialintelligenceisbelievedlessacmconf	NA	NA	37
Sultan_2024	Newton, C., Feeney, J., & Pennycook, G. (2023). On the disposition to think analytically: Four distinct intuitive-analytic thinking styles. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull.	On the disposition to think analytically: Four distinct intuitive-analytic thinking styles	onthedispositiontothinkanalyticallyfourdistinctintuitiveanalyticthinkingstyles	NA	NA	38
Sultan_2024	Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychol. Sci.	Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention	fightingcovidmisinformationonsocialmediaexperimentalevidenceforascalableaccuracynudgeintervention	TRUE	Sultan_2024, Kozyreva_2024	39
Sultan_2024	Pennycook, G., Epstein, Z., Mosleh, M., Arechar, A. A., Eckles, D., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature.	Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online	shiftingattentiontoaccuracycanreducemisinformationonline	TRUE	Sultan_2024, Kozyreva_2024	40
Sultan_2024	Roozenbeek, J., Maertens, R., Herzog, S. M., Geers, M., Kurvers, R., Sultan, M., & van der Linden, S. (2022). Susceptibility to misinformation is consistent across question framings and response modes and better explained by myside bias and partisanship than analytical thinking. Judgm. Decis. Mak.	Susceptibility to misinformation is consistent across question framings and response modes and better explained by myside bias and partisanship than analytical thinking	susceptibilitytomisinformationisconsistentacrossquestionframingsandresponsemodesandbetterexplainedbymysidebiasandpartisanshipthananalyticalthinking	NA	NA	41
Sultan_2024	Ross, R. M., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2021). Beyond ‘fake news’: Analytic thinking and the detection of false and hyperpartisan news headlines. Judgm. Decis. Mak.	Beyond ‘fake news’: Analytic thinking and the detection of false and hyperpartisan news headlines	beyondfakenewsanalyticthinkingandthedetectionoffalseandhyperpartisannewsheadlines	NA	NA	42
Kozyreva_2024	Epstein, Z, Berinsky, A. J., Cole, R., Gully, A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Developing an accuracy-prompt toolkit to reduce COVID-19 misinformation online. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2(3).	Developing an accuracy-prompt toolkit to reduce COVID-19 misinformation online	developinganaccuracyprompttoolkittoreducecovidmisinformationonline	NA	NA	43
Kozyreva_2024	Roozenbeek, J., Freeman, A. L. J., & van der Linden, S. (2021). How accurate are accuracy-nudge interventions? A preregistered direct replication of Pennycook et al. (2020). Psychological Science, 32(7), 1169–1178.	How accurate are accuracy-nudge interventions? A preregistered direct replication of Pennycook et al. (2020)	howaccurateareaccuracynudgeinterventionsapreregistereddirectreplicationofpennycooketal	NA	NA	44
Kozyreva_2024	Pennycook, G., & Rand, D.G (2022). Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nature Communications, 13(1), Article 2333.	Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation	accuracypromptsareareplicableandgeneralizableapproachforreducingthespreadofmisinformation	NA	NA	45
Kozyreva_2024	Arechar, A. A., Allen, J. N. L., Berinsky, A. J., Cole, R., Epstein, Z., Garimella, K., Gully, A., Lu, J. G., Moss, R. M., Stagnaro, M. N., Zhang, Y., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2023). Understanding and combating misinformation across 16 countries on six continents. Nature Human Behaviour.	Understanding and combating misinformation across 16 countries on six continents	understandingandcombatingmisinformationacrosscountriesonsixcontinents	NA	NA	46
Kozyreva_2024	Offer-Westort, M., Rosenzweig, L. R., & Athey, S. (2023).
Battling the coronavirus ‘infodemic’ among social media users in Kenya and Nigeria	Battling the coronavirus ‘infodemic’ among social media users in Kenya and Nigeria	battlingthecoronavirusinfodemicamongsocialmediausersinkenyaandnigeria	NA	NA	47
Kozyreva_2024	Swire, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(12), 1948–1961.	The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information	theroleoffamiliarityincorrectinginaccurateinformation	NA	NA	48
Kozyreva_2024	Huang, H. (2017). A war of (mis)information: The political effects of rumors and rumor rebuttals in an authoritarian country. British Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 283-312.	A war of (mis)information: The political effects of rumors and rumor rebuttals in an authoritarian country	awarofmisinformationthepoliticaleffectsofrumorsandrumorrebuttalsinanauthoritariancountry	NA	NA	49
Kozyreva_2024	Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Diamant, A., Hijazi, R., & Mesch, G. S. (2018). Correcting misinformation by health organizations during measles outbreaks: A controlled experiment. PloS one, 13(12), e0209505.	Correcting misinformation by health organizations during measles outbreaks: A controlled experiment	correctingmisinformationbyhealthorganizationsduringmeaslesoutbreaksacontrolledexperiment	NA	NA	50
Kozyreva_2024	Paynter, J., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., Miller, S., Trembath, D., Tucker, M., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2019). Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world autism treatment myth debunking. PLOS ONE, 14(1), Article e0210746.	Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world autism treatment myth debunking	evaluationofatemplateforcounteringmisinformationrealworldautismtreatmentmythdebunking	NA	NA	51
Kozyreva_2024	Schmid, P., & Betsch, C. (2019). Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(9), 931–939.	Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions	effectivestrategiesforrebuttingsciencedenialisminpublicdiscussions	NA	NA	52
Kozyreva_2024	Schmid, P., Schwarzer, M., & Betsch, C. (2020). Weight-of-evidence strategies to mitigate the influence of messages of science denialism in public discussions. Journal of Cognition, 3(1), Article 36.	Weight-of-evidence strategies to mitigate the influence of messages of science denialism in public discussions	weightofevidencestrategiestomitigatetheinfluenceofmessagesofsciencedenialisminpublicdiscussions	NA	NA	53
Kozyreva_2024	Ecker, U. K. H., Butler, L. H., & Hamby, A. (2020). You don’t have to tell a story! A registered report testing the effectiveness of narrative versus non-narrative misinformation corrections. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), Article 64.	You don’t have to tell a story! A registered report testing the effectiveness of narrative versus non-narrative misinformation corrections	youdonthavetotellastoryaregisteredreporttestingtheeffectivenessofnarrativeversusnonnarrativemisinformationcorrections	NA	NA	54
Kozyreva_2024	Bowles, J., Larreguy, H., & Liu, S. (2020). Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe. PLOS One, 15(10): e0240005.	Countering misinformation via WhatsApp: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe	counteringmisinformationviawhatsapppreliminaryevidencefromthecovidpandemicinzimbabwe	NA	NA	55
Kozyreva_2024	Porter, E. & Wood, T. J. (2021). The Global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 118(37), e2104235118.	The Global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom	theglobaleffectivenessoffactcheckingevidencefromsimultaneousexperimentsinargentinanigeriasouthafricaandtheunitedkingdom	NA	NA	56
Kozyreva_2024	Winters, M., Oppenheim, B., Sengeh, P., Jalloh, M. B., Webber, N., Pratt, S. A., … & Nordenstedt, H. (2021). Debunking highly prevalent health misinformation using audio dramas delivered by WhatsApp: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Sierra Leone. BMJ global health, 6(11), e006954.	Debunking highly prevalent health misinformation using audio dramas delivered by WhatsApp: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Sierra Leone	debunkinghighlyprevalenthealthmisinformationusingaudiodramasdeliveredbywhatsappevidencefromarandomisedcontrolledtrialinsierraleone	NA	NA	57
Kozyreva_2024	Tay, L. Q., Hurlstone, M. J., Kurz, T., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2022). A comparison of prebunking and debunking interventions for implied versus explicit misinformation. British Journal of Psychology, 113(3), 591–607.	A comparison of prebunking and debunking interventions for implied versus explicit misinformation	acomparisonofprebunkinganddebunkinginterventionsforimpliedversusexplicitmisinformation	NA	NA	58
Kozyreva_2024	Schmid, P., & Betsch, C. (2022). Benefits and Pitfalls of Debunking Interventions to Counter mRNA Vaccination Misinformation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Science Communication. 44(5):531–58.	Benefits and Pitfalls of Debunking Interventions to Counter mRNA Vaccination Misinformation During the COVID-19 Pandemic	benefitsandpitfallsofdebunkinginterventionstocountermrnavaccinationmisinformationduringthecovidpandemic	NA	NA	59
Kozyreva_2024	Bauer, F, & Wilson, K. L. (2022). Reactions to China-linked fake news: Experimental evidence from Taiwan. The China Quarterly 249, 21-46.	Reactions to China-linked fake news: Experimental evidence from Taiwan	reactionstochinalinkedfakenewsexperimentalevidencefromtaiwan	NA	NA	60
Kozyreva_2024	Schroeder, N. L., & Kucera, A. C. (2022). Refutation text facilitates learning: A meta-analysis of between-subjects experiments. Educational Psychology Review, 34(2), 957-987.	Refutation text facilitates learning: A meta-analysis of between-subjects experiments	refutationtextfacilitateslearningametaanalysisofbetweensubjectsexperiments	NA	NA	61
Kozyreva_2024	Yu, W., Shen, F., & Min, C. (2022). Correcting science misinformation in an authoritarian country: An experiment from China. Telematics and Informatics 66, 101749.	Correcting science misinformation in an authoritarian country: An experiment from China	correctingsciencemisinformationinanauthoritariancountryanexperimentfromchina	NA	NA	62
Kozyreva_2024	Batista Pereira, F., Bueno, N. S., Nunes, F., & Pavão, N. (2022). Fake news, fact checking, and partisanship: the resilience of rumors in the 2018 Brazilian elections. The Journal of Politics, 84(4), 2188-2201.	Fake news, fact checking, and partisanship: the resilience of rumors in the 2018 Brazilian elections	fakenewsfactcheckingandpartisanshiptheresilienceofrumorsinthebrazilianelections	NA	NA	63
Kozyreva_2024	Badrinathan, S., & Chauchard, S. (2023). I Don’t Think That’s True, Bro!” Social Corrections of Misinformation in India. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 0(0).	I Don’t Think That’s True, Bro!” Social Corrections of Misinformation in India	idontthinkthatstruebrosocialcorrectionsofmisinformationinindia	NA	NA	64
Kozyreva_2024	Porter, E., Velez, Y., & Wood, T. J. (2023). Correcting COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in 10 countries. Royal Society Open Science, 10(3), 221097.	Correcting COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in 10 countries	correctingcovidvaccinemisinformationincountries	NA	NA	65
Kozyreva_2024	Armand, A., Augsburg, B., Bancalari, A., & Kameshwara, K. K. (2022). Social proximity and misinformation: Experimental evidence from a mobile phone-based campaign in India. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16492 Institute for Fiscal Studies.	Social proximity and misinformation: Experimental evidence from a mobile phone-based campaign in India	socialproximityandmisinformationexperimentalevidencefromamobilephonebasedcampaigninindia	NA	NA	66
Kozyreva_2024	Hirshleifer, S., Naseem, M., Raza, A.A., & Rezaee, A. (2023). The spread of (mis)information: A social media experiment in Pakistan. UC Berkeley: Center for Effective Global Action.	The spread of (mis)information: A social media experiment in Pakistan	thespreadofmisinformationasocialmediaexperimentinpakistan	NA	NA	67
Kozyreva_2024	Bruns, H., Dessart, F. J., Krawczyk, M. W., Lewandowsky, S., Pantazi, M., Pennycook, G., Schmid, P. & Smillie, L. (2023). The role of (trust in) the source of prebunks and debunks of misinformation. Evidence from online experiments in four EU countries. OSF. (Preprint, not peer-reviewed)	The role of (trust in) the source of prebunks and debunks of misinformation	theroleoftrustinthesourceofprebunksanddebunksofmisinformation	NA	NA	68
Kozyreva_2024	Fazio, L. K. (2020). Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news.
Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review.	Pausing to consider why a headline is true or false can help reduce the sharing of false news	pausingtoconsiderwhyaheadlineistrueorfalsecanhelpreducethesharingoffalsenews	NA	NA	69
Kozyreva_2024	Pillai, R. M. & Fazio, L. K. (2023). Explaining why headlines are true or false reduces intentions to share false information. Collabra: Psychology.	Explaining why headlines are true or false reduces intentions to share false information	explainingwhyheadlinesaretrueorfalsereducesintentionstosharefalseinformation	NA	NA	70
Kozyreva_2024	van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017). Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change. Global Challenges, 1(2), Article 1600008.	Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change	inoculatingthepublicagainstmisinformationaboutclimatechange	NA	NA	71
Kozyreva_2024	Cook J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017) Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PLOS ONE, 12(5), Article e0175799.	Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence	neutralizingmisinformationthroughinoculationexposingmisleadingargumentationtechniquesreducestheirinfluence	NA	NA	72
Kozyreva_2024	Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2019). Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation. Palgrave Communications, 5(1),Article 65.	Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation	fakenewsgameconferspsychologicalresistanceagainstonlinemisinformation	NA	NA	73
Kozyreva_2024	Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2020). Breaking Harmony Square: A game that “inoculates” against political misinformation. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review.	Breaking Harmony Square: A game that “inoculates” against political misinformation	breakingharmonysquareagamethatinoculatesagainstpoliticalmisinformation	NA	NA	74
Kozyreva_2024	Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S. (2021). Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 27(1), 1–16.	Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments	longtermeffectivenessofinoculationagainstmisinformationthreelongitudinalexperiments	NA	NA	75
Kozyreva_2024	Roozenbeek, J., van der Linden, S., Goldberg, B., Rathje, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2022). Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media. Science Advances, 8(34), Article eabo6254.	Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media	psychologicalinoculationimprovesresilienceagainstmisinformationonsocialmedia	NA	NA	76
Kozyreva_2024	Lu, C., Hu, B., Li, Q., Bi, C., & Ju, X. D. (2023). Psychological Inoculation for Credibility Assessment, Sharing Intention, and Discernment of Misinformation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e49255.	Psychological Inoculation for Credibility Assessment, Sharing Intention, and Discernment of Misinformation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	psychologicalinoculationforcredibilityassessmentsharingintentionanddiscernmentofmisinformationsystematicreviewandmetaanalysis	NA	NA	77
Kozyreva_2024	Wong, C. M. L., & Wu, Y. (2023). Limits to inoculating against the risk of fake news: a replication study in Singapore during COVID-19. Journal of Risk Research, 1-16.	Limits to inoculating against the risk of fake news: a replication study in Singapore during COVID-19	limitstoinoculatingagainsttheriskoffakenewsareplicationstudyinsingaporeduringcovid	NA	NA	78
Kozyreva_2024	Armand, A., Fracchia, M., & Vicente, P. C. (2023). Let’s call! using the phone to increase acceptance of covid-19 vaccines (No. wp2113). Health Eonomics, 33, 1.	Let’s call! using the phone to increase acceptance of covid-19 vaccines (No. wp2113)	letscallusingthephonetoincreaseacceptanceofcovidvaccinesnowp	NA	NA	79
Kozyreva_2024	Garg, N. & Yadav, M., (2022). Learning to Resist Misinformation: A Field Experiment in India. (Preprint, not peer-reviewed)	Learning to Resist Misinformation: A Field Experiment in India.	learningtoresistmisinformationafieldexperimentinindia	NA	NA	80
Kozyreva_2024	Bowles, J., Croke, K., Larreguy, H., Liu, S., & Marshall, J. (2023). Sustaining Exposure to Fact-checks: Misinformation Discernment, Media Consumption, and its Political Implications.	Sustaining Exposure to Fact-checks: Misinformation Discernment, Media Consumption, and its Political Implications.	sustainingexposuretofactchecksmisinformationdiscernmentmediaconsumptionanditspoliticalimplications	NA	NA	81
Kozyreva_2024	Athey, S. C., Matias , C., Koutout, K., Kristine & Li, Z. (2023). Emotion- versus Reasoning-Based Drivers of Misinformation Sharing: A Field Experiment Using Text Message Courses in Kenya. Stanford University Graduate School of Business Research Paper No. 4489759. SSRN (Preprint, not peer-reviewed)	Emotion- versus Reasoning-Based Drivers of Misinformation Sharing: A Field Experiment Using Text Message Courses in Kenya	emotionversusreasoningbaseddriversofmisinformationsharingafieldexperimentusingtextmessagecoursesinkenya	NA	NA	82
Kozyreva_2024	Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information. Teachers College Record, 121(11), 1–40.	Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information	lateralreadingandthenatureofexpertisereadinglessandlearningmorewhenevaluatingdigitalinformation	NA	NA	83
Kozyreva_2024	McGrew, S., Smith, M., Breakstone, J., Ortega, T., Wineburg, S. (2019). Improving university students’ web savvy: An intervention study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 485–500.	Improving university students’ web savvy: An intervention study	improvinguniversitystudentswebsavvyaninterventionstudy	NA	NA	84
Kozyreva_2024	McGrew, S. (2020). Learning to evaluate: An intervention in civic online reasoning. Computers & Education, 145, Article 103711.	Learning to evaluate: An intervention in civic online reasoning	learningtoevaluateaninterventioninciviconlinereasoning	NA	NA	85
Kozyreva_2024	Donovan, A. M., & Rapp, D. N. (2020). Look it up: Online search reduces the problematic effects of exposures to inaccuracies. Memory & Cognition, 48(7), 1128–1145.	Look it up: Online search reduces the problematic effects of exposures to inaccuracies	lookituponlinesearchreducestheproblematiceffectsofexposurestoinaccuracies	NA	NA	86
Kozyreva_2024	Brodsky, J. E., Brooks, P. J., Scimeca, D., Todorova, R., Galati, P., Batson, M., Grosso, R., Matthews, M., Miller, V., & Caulfield, M. (2021). Improving college students’ fact checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), Article 23.	Improving college students’ fact checking strategies through lateral reading instruction in a general education civics course	improvingcollegestudentsfactcheckingstrategiesthroughlateralreadinginstructioninageneraleducationcivicscourse	NA	NA	87
Kozyreva_2024	Breakstone, J., Smith, M., Connors, P., Ortega, T., Kerr, D., & Wineburg, S. (2021). Lateral reading: College students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2(1).	Lateral reading: College students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course	lateralreadingcollegestudentslearntocriticallyevaluateinternetsourcesinanonlinecourse	NA	NA	88
Kozyreva_2024	Yang, S., Lee, J. W., Kim, H. J., Kang, M., Chong, E., & Kim, E. M. (2021). Can an online educational game contribute to developing information literate citizens? Computers & Education, 161, 104057.	Can an online educational game contribute to developing information literate citizens?	cananonlineeducationalgamecontributetodevelopinginformationliteratecitizens	NA	NA	89
Kozyreva_2024	Kobayashi, T., Taka, F., & Suzuki, T. (2021). Can “Googling” correct misbelief? Cognitive and affective consequences of online search. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0256575.	Can “Googling” correct misbelief? Cognitive and affective consequences of online search	cangooglingcorrectmisbeliefcognitiveandaffectiveconsequencesofonlinesearch	NA	NA	90
Kozyreva_2024	Wineburg, S., Breakstone, J., McGrew, S., Smith, M. D., & Ortega, T. (2022). Lateral reading on the open Internet: A district-wide field study in high school government classes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(5), 893–909.	Lateral reading on the open Internet: A district-wide field study in high school government classes	lateralreadingontheopeninternetadistrictwidefieldstudyinhighschoolgovernmentclasses	NA	NA	91
Kozyreva_2024	Panizza, F., Ronzani, P., Martini, C., Mattavelli, S., Morisseau, T., & Motterlini, M. (2022). Lateral reading and monetary incentives to spot disinformation about science. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 5678.	Lateral reading and monetary incentives to spot disinformation about science	lateralreadingandmonetaryincentivestospotdisinformationaboutscience	NA	NA	92
Kozyreva_2024	McGrew, S., & Breakstone, J. (2023). Civic Online Reasoning across the curriculum: Developing and testing the efficacy of digital literacy lessons. AERA Open, 9.	Civic Online Reasoning across the curriculum: Developing and testing the efficacy of digital literacy lessons	civiconlinereasoningacrossthecurriculumdevelopingandtestingtheefficacyofdigitalliteracylessons	NA	NA	93
Kozyreva_2024	Fendt, M., Nistor, N., Scheibenzuber, C., & Artmann, B. (2023). Sourcing against misinformation: Effects of a scalable lateral reading training based on cognitive apprenticeship. Computers in Human Behavior, 146, 107820.	Sourcing against misinformation: Effects of a scalable lateral reading training based on cognitive apprenticeship	sourcingagainstmisinformationeffectsofascalablelateralreadingtrainingbasedoncognitiveapprenticeship	TRUE	Kozyreva_2024, Sun_2025	94
Kozyreva_2024	Barzilai. S., Mor-Hagani S., Abed F., Tal-Savir D., Goldik N., Talmon I, Davidow O. (2023). Misinformation Is Contagious: Middle school students learn how to evaluate and share information responsibly through a digital game. Computers & Education, 202, 104832.	Misinformation Is Contagious: Middle school students learn how to evaluate and share information responsibly through a digital game	misinformationiscontagiousmiddleschoolstudentslearnhowtoevaluateandshareinformationresponsiblythroughadigitalgame	NA	NA	95
Kozyreva_2024	Apuke, O. D., & Gever, C. V. (2023). A quasi experiment on how the field of librarianship can help in combating fake news. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 49(1), 102616	A quasi experiment on how the field of librarianship can help in combating fake news	aquasiexperimentonhowthefieldoflibrarianshipcanhelpincombatingfakenews	NA	NA	96
Kozyreva_2024	Resnick, P., Alfayez, A., Im, J., & Gilbert, E. (2023). Searching for or reviewing evidence improves crowdworkers’ misinformation judgments and reduces partisan bias. Collective Intelligence, 2(2).	Searching for or reviewing evidence improves crowdworkers’ misinformation judgments and reduces partisan bias	searchingfororreviewingevidenceimprovescrowdworkersmisinformationjudgmentsandreducespartisanbias	NA	NA	97
Kozyreva_2024	Ali, A., & Qazi, I. A. (2023). Countering misinformation on social media through educational interventions: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Pakistan. Journal of Development Economics, 169,103108.	Countering misinformation on social media through educational interventions: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Pakistan	counteringmisinformationonsocialmediathrougheducationalinterventionsevidencefromarandomizedexperimentinpakistan	NA	NA	98
Kozyreva_2024	Qian, S., Shen, C., & Zhang, J. (2023). Fighting cheapfakes: using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 28(1), zmac024.	Fighting cheapfakes: using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation	fightingcheapfakesusingadigitalmedialiteracyinterventiontomotivatereversesearchofoutofcontextvisualmisinformation	NA	NA	99
Kozyreva_2024	Kim, A., Moravec, P. L., & Dennis, A. R. (2019). Combating Fake News on Social Media with Source Ratings: The Effects of User and Expert Reputation Ratings, Journal of Management Information Systems, 36:3, 931-968.	Combating Fake News on Social Media with Source Ratings: The Effects of User and Expert Reputation Ratings	combatingfakenewsonsocialmediawithsourceratingstheeffectsofuserandexpertreputationratings	NA	NA	100
Kozyreva_2024	Aslett, K., Guess, A. M., Bonneau, R., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2022). News credibility labels have limited average effects on news diet quality and fail to reduce misperceptions. Science advances, 8(18), eabl3844.	News credibility labels have limited average effects on news diet quality and fail to reduce misperceptions	newscredibilitylabelshavelimitedaverageeffectsonnewsdietqualityandfailtoreducemisperceptions	NA	NA	101
Kozyreva_2024	Shahid, F., Mare, S., & Vashistha, A., (2022). Examining Source Effects on Perceptions of Fake News in Rural India. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 6, CSCW1, Article 89(April).	Examining Source Effects on Perceptions of Fake News in Rural India	examiningsourceeffectsonperceptionsoffakenewsinruralindia	NA	NA	102
Kozyreva_2024	Celadin, T., Capraro, V. ., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2023). Displaying News Source Trustworthiness Ratings Reduces Sharing Intentions for False News Posts. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(5).	Displaying News Source Trustworthiness Ratings Reduces Sharing Intentions for False News Posts	displayingnewssourcetrustworthinessratingsreducessharingintentionsforfalsenewsposts	NA	NA	103
Kozyreva_2024	Cookson, D., Jolley, D., Dempsey, R. C., & Povey, R. (2021). A social norms approach intervention to address misperceptions of anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs amongst UK parents. PLOS ONE, 16(11), Article e0258985.	A social norms approach intervention to address misperceptions of anti-vaccine conspiracy beliefs amongst UK parents	asocialnormsapproachinterventiontoaddressmisperceptionsofantivaccineconspiracybeliefsamongstukparents	NA	NA	104
Kozyreva_2024	Andı, S. & Akesson, J. (2021). Nudging away false news: Evidence from a social norms experiment. Digital Journalism, 9(1), 106–125.	Nudging away false news: Evidence from a social norms experiment	nudgingawayfalsenewsevidencefromasocialnormsexperiment	NA	NA	105
Kozyreva_2024	Ecker, U. K. H., Sanderson, J. A., McIlhiney, P., Rowsell, J. J., Quekett, H. L., Brown, G. D. A., & Lewandowsky, S. (2022). Combining refutations and social norms increases belief change. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.	Combining refutations and social norms increases belief change	combiningrefutationsandsocialnormsincreasesbeliefchange	NA	NA	106
Kozyreva_2024	Prike, T., Butler, L., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2023). Source-credibility information and social norms improve truth discernment and reduce engagement with misinformation online. Scientific Reports, 14, 6900	Source-credibility information and social norms improve truth discernment and reduce engagement with misinformation online	sourcecredibilityinformationandsocialnormsimprovetruthdiscernmentandreduceengagementwithmisinformationonline	NA	NA	107
Kozyreva_2024	Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100.	Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation	explicitwarningsreducebutdonoteliminatethecontinuedinfluenceofmisinformation	NA	NA	108
Kozyreva_2024	Mena, P. (2019). Cleaning Up Social Media: The Effect of Warning Labels on Likelihood of Sharing False News on Facebook. Policy & Internet, 12(2): 165-183.	Cleaning Up Social Media: The Effect of Warning Labels on Likelihood of Sharing False News on Facebook	cleaningupsocialmediatheeffectofwarninglabelsonlikelihoodofsharingfalsenewsonfacebook	NA	NA	109
Kozyreva_2024	Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E. T., & Rand, D. G. (2020). The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings. Management Science, 66(11), 4944–4957.	The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings	theimpliedtrutheffectattachingwarningstoasubsetoffakenewsheadlinesincreasesperceivedaccuracyofheadlineswithoutwarnings	NA	NA	110
Kozyreva_2024	Ecker, U. K. H., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J. S., & Chang, E. P. (2020). The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks. The British Journal of Psychology, 111, 36-54.	The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks	theeffectivenessofshortformatrefutationalfactchecks	NA	NA	111
Kozyreva_2024	Grady, R. H., Ditto, P. H., & Loftus, E. F. (2021). Nevertheless, partisanship persisted: Fake news warnings help briefly, but bias returns with time. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), Article 52.	Nevertheless, partisanship persisted: Fake news warnings help briefly, but bias returns with time	neverthelesspartisanshippersistedfakenewswarningshelpbrieflybutbiasreturnswithtime	NA	NA	112
Kozyreva_2024	Lee, J., Kim, J. W., & Yun Lee, H. (2023). Unlocking Conspiracy Belief Systems: How Fact-Checking Label on Twitter Counters Conspiratorial MMR Vaccine Misinformation. Health
Communication, 38(9), 1780-1792.	Unlocking Conspiracy Belief Systems: How Fact-Checking Label on Twitter Counters Conspiratorial MMR Vaccine Misinformation	unlockingconspiracybeliefsystemshowfactcheckinglabelontwittercountersconspiratorialmmrvaccinemisinformation	NA	NA	113
Kozyreva_2024	Koch, T. K., Frischlich, L., & Lermer, E. (2023). Effects of fact‐checking warning labels and social endorsement cues on climate change fake news credibility and engagement on social media. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 53(6): 495-507.	Effects of fact‐checking warning labels and social endorsement cues on climate change fake news credibility and engagement on social media	effectsoffactcheckingwarninglabelsandsocialendorsementcuesonclimatechangefakenewscredibilityandengagementonsocialmedia	NA	NA	114
Kozyreva_2024	Moon, W.-K., Chung, M., & Jones-Jang, S. Mo. (2022). How Can We Fight Partisan Biases in the COVID-19 Pandemic? AI Source Labels on Fact-checking Messages Reduce Motivated Reasoning.
Mass Communication and Society, 26(4): 646-670.	How Can We Fight Partisan Biases in the COVID-19 Pandemic? AI Source Labels on Fact-checking Messages Reduce Motivated Reasoning	howcanwefightpartisanbiasesinthecovidpandemicaisourcelabelsonfactcheckingmessagesreducemotivatedreasoning	NA	NA	115
Sun_2025	Disentangling Item and Testing Effects in Inoculation Research on Online Misinformation: Solomon Revisited	Disentangling Item and Testing Effects in Inoculation Research on Online Misinformation: Solomon Revisited	disentanglingitemandtestingeffectsininoculationresearchononlinemisinformationsolomonrevisited	NA	NA	116
Sun_2025	The Spot the Troll Quiz game increases accuracy in discerning between real and i/uthentic social media accounts	The Spot the Troll Quiz game increases accuracy in discerning between real and i/uthentic social media accounts	thespotthetrollquizgameincreasesaccuracyindiscerningbetweenrealandiuthenticsocialmediaaccounts	NA	NA	117
Sun_2025	Psychological inoculation strategies to fight climate disinformation across 12 countries	Psychological inoculation strategies to fight climate disinformation across 12 countries	psychologicalinoculationstrategiestofightclimatedisinformationacrosscountries	NA	NA	118
Sun_2025	Mixed News about the Bad News Game	Mixed News about the Bad News Game	mixednewsaboutthebadnewsgame	NA	NA	119
Sun_2025	A Health Media Literacy Intervention Increases Skepticism of Both I/ccurate and Accurate Cancer News Among U.S. Adults	A Health Media Literacy Intervention Increases Skepticism of Both I/ccurate and Accurate Cancer News Among U.S. Adults	ahealthmedialiteracyinterventionincreasesskepticismofbothiccurateandaccuratecancernewsamongusadults	NA	NA	120
Sun_2025	Prominent misinformation interventions reduce misperceptions but increase scepticism	Prominent misinformation interventions reduce misperceptions but increase scepticism	prominentmisinformationinterventionsreducemisperceptionsbutincreasescepticism	NA	NA	121
Sun_2025	Strategies to combat misinformation: Enduring effects of a 15-minute online intervention on critical-thinking adolescents	Strategies to combat misinformation: Enduring effects of a 15-minute online intervention on critical-thinking adolescents	strategiestocombatmisinformationenduringeffectsofaminuteonlineinterventiononcriticalthinkingadolescents	NA	NA	122
Sun_2025	Feedback exercises boost discernment of misinformation for gamified inoculation interventions	Feedback exercises boost discernment of misinformation for gamified inoculation interventions	feedbackexercisesboostdiscernmentofmisinformationforgamifiedinoculationinterventions	NA	NA	123
Sun_2025	Critical thinking and misinformation vulnerability: experimental evidence from Colombia	Critical thinking and misinformation vulnerability: experimental evidence from Colombia	criticalthinkingandmisinformationvulnerabilityexperimentalevidencefromcolombia	NA	NA	124
Sun_2025	Is the COVID-19 bad news game good news? Testing whether creating and dissemi/ting fake news about vaccines in a computer game reduces people’s belief in anti-vaccine arguments	Is the COVID-19 bad news game good news? Testing whether creating and dissemi/ting fake news about vaccines in a computer game reduces people’s belief in anti-vaccine arguments	isthecovidbadnewsgamegoodnewstestingwhethercreatinganddissemitingfakenewsaboutvaccinesinacomputergamereducespeoplesbeliefinantivaccinearguments	NA	NA	125

References

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